ETYM Old Eng. bothe; cf. Icel. bűth, Dan. and Swed. bod, Mid. High Germ. buode, German bude, baude; from the same root as AS. bűan to dwell, Eng. boor, bower, be.
1. A small shop at a fair; for selling goods or entertainment.
2. A table (in a restaurant or bar) surrounded by two high-backed benches.
3. Small area set off by walls for special use; SYN. cubicle, stall, kiosk.
In sociology, the main grouping of social stratification in industrial societies, based primarily on economic and occupational factors, but also referring to people's style of living or sense of group identity. Within the social sciences, class has been used both as a descriptive category and as the basis of theories about industrial society. Theories of class may see such social divisions either as a source of social stability (Emile Durkheim) or social conflict (Karl Marx). In the US, little acknowledgment is given to the notion of class. If asked, most Americans identify themselves as middle class, although social scientists use measurements of education level, income, and occupation to ascribe social strata.
ETYM Old Eng. level, livel, Old Fren. livel, French niveau, from Latin libella level, water level, a plumb level, dim. of libra pound, measure for liquids, balance, water poise, level. Related to Librate, Libella.
1. Establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid; SYN. spirit level.
2. Height above ground.
ETYM French, from Latin professio. Related to Profess.
1. Affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith.
2. An occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences).
3. The body of people in a learned occupation; SYN. community.
1. A row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another
2. Relative status
ETYM Old Eng. stal, as. steall, stall, a place, seat, or station, a stable.
1. A compartment in a stable where a single animal is confined and fed.
2. A place where articles are displayed for sale; SYN. stand, sales booth.
3. A malfunction in the flight of an aircraft in which there is a sudden loss of lift that results in a downward plunge.
4. A tactic used to mislead or delay; SYN. stalling, delaying.
ETYM As. stand. Related to Stand.
1. The position where a thing or person stands.
2. An interruption of normal activity; SYN. standstill, tie-up.
3. A defensive effort.
4. A stop made by a touring musical or theatrical group to give a performance.
5. A structure (often made of wood) where people can sit to watch an event (game or parade); SYN. stands.
6. A small table for holding articles of various kinds.
7. A growth of similar plants (usually trees) in a particular area.
1. A politically organized body of people under a single government; SYN. nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic.
2. The territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation; SYN. province.
3. The group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state
4. The way something is with respect to its main attributes
5. (Informal) A state of depression or agitation
Territory that forms its own domestic and foreign policy, acting through laws that are typically decided by a government and carried out, by force if necessary, by agents of that government. It can be argued that growth of regional international bodies such as the European Union (formerly the European Community) means that states no longer enjoy absolute sovereignty.
Although most states are members of the United Nations, this is not a completely reliable criterion: some are not members by choice, like Switzerland; some have been deliberately excluded, like Taiwan; and some are members but do not enjoy complete national sovereignty. The classic definition of a state is given by R M MacIver (The Modern State 1926): “An association which, acting through law as promulgated by a government endowed to this end with coercive power, maintains within a community territorially demarcated the universal external conditions of social order.” There are four essential elements in this definition: that people have formed an association to create and preserve social order; that the community comprising the state is clearly defined in territorial terms; that the government representing the people acts according to promulgated laws; and that it has power to enforce these laws.
Today, the state is seen as the nation state so that any community that has absolute sovereignty over a specific area is a state. Thus the so-called states of the us, which are to some degree subject to the will of the federal government, are not states in international terms, nor are colonial or similar possessions, which, too, are subject to an overriding authority.
ETYM Latin.
(Irregular plural: statuses).
The relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society; SYN. position.
Esteem in which he or she is held by others in society. Both within and between most occupations or social positions there is a status hierarchy. Status symbols, such as insignia of office or an expensive automobile, often accompany high status.
The two forms of social prestige may be separate or interlinked. Formal social status is attached to a certain social position, occupation, role, or office. Informal social status is based on an individual’s own personal talents, skills, or personality. Sociologists distinguish between ascribed status, which is bestowed by birth, and achieved status, the result of one’s own efforts.
The German sociologist Max Weber analyzed social stratification in terms of three separate but interlinked dimensions: class, status, and power. Status is seen as a key influence on human behavior, on the way people evaluate themselves and others.