ETYM Old Eng. best, beste, Old Fren. beste, French bęte, from Latin bestia.
A cruelly rapacious person; SYN. wolf, savage, brute, wildcat.

Any large, ruminant, even-toed, hoofed mammal of the genus Bos, family Bovidae, including wild species such as the yak, gaur, gayal, banteng, and kouprey, as well as domestic breeds. Asiatic water buffaloes (Bubalus), African buffaloes (Syncerus), and American bison (Bison bison) are not considered true cattle. Cattle are bred for meat (beef cattle) or milk (dairy cattle).
Cattle were first domesticated in the Middle East during the Neolithic period, about 8000 BC. They were brought north into Europe by migrating Neolithic farmers. Fermentation in the four-chambered stomach allows cattle to make good use of the grass that is normally the main part of the diet. There are two main types of domesticated cattle: the European breeds, variants of Bos taurus descended from the aurochs, and the various breeds of zebu Bos indicus, the humped cattle of India, which are useful in the tropics for their ability to withstand the heat and diseases to which European breeds succumb. The old-established beef breeds are mostly British in origin. The Hereford, for example, is the premier English breed, ideally suited to rich lowland pastures but it will also thrive on poorer land such as that found in the US Midwest and the Argentine pampas.
Of the Scottish beef breeds, the Aberdeen Angus, a black and hornless variety, produces high-quality meat through intensive feeding methods. Other breeds include the Devon, a hardy early-maturing type, and the Beef Shorthorn, now less important than formerly, but still valued for an ability to produce good calves when crossed with less promising cattle. In recent years, more interest has been shown in other European breeds, their tendency to have less fat being more suited to modern tastes. Examples include the Charolais and the Limousin from central France, and the Simmental, originally from Switzerland. In the US, four varieties of zebus, called Brahmans, have been introduced. They interbreed with B. taurus varieties and produce valuable hybrids that resist heat, ticks, and insects. For dairying purposes, a breed raised in many countries is variously known as the Frisian, Holstein, or Black and White. It can give enormous milk yields, up to 13,000 l/3,450 gal in a single lactation, and will produce calves i
deally suited for intensive beef production. Other dairying types include the Jersey and Guernsey, whose milk has a high butterfat content, and the Ayrshire, a smaller breed capable of staying outside all year.
breeding
Aided by the development of mathematical genetics, many countries have evolved large-scale breeding schemes for cattle, aimed at maximizing economically important characteristics, particularly in dairy cattle. Artificial insemination has had a remarkable impact on the cattle industry during this century, obviating the need for small producers to keep bulls, and substantially increasing the number of cows mated to one bull. In consequence fewer bulls need to be retained for mating, thus allowing more stringent selection, and the best bulls are made available to all.
milk production
The birth of the calf is a central feature of the process of milk production, since it marks the beginning of lactation. The cow calves first at between two and three years of age, depending on the breed and environmental conditions; small breeds, like the Jersey, calve at a much earlier age than bigger breeds like the Frisian. Efficient milk production depends very much on good feeding; cattle generally graze on pasture in the summer, and during the winter are fed a balanced milk production ration plus roughages such as hay and silage.
beef production
In countries with large numbers of dairy cattle, many calves are slaughtered at a few days of age. A small proportion of calves in some countries is kept rather longer and fed intensively to produce veal. The remaining calves not needed for replacing the dairy cows that have reached the end of their useful life are fed and slaughtered to produce beef. Intensive indoor feeding methods are a feature of beef production in many countries, and in some cases cereals form almost the whole of the diet.
diseases
The most serious disease to affect cattle is bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), which attacks the nervous system. Notifiable infectious diseases of cattle include anthrax, foot and mouth, rinderpest or cattle plague, and tuberculosis.
Brucellosis is a bacterial disease, now largely eradicated in the west, which is transmissable to humans. Disorders in the body chemistry (metabolic diseases) of cattle include milk fever, caused by low blood calcium resulting from the demands of pregnancy and lactation; grass staggers (or hypomagnesemia), caused by low blood magnesium; ketosis, an increase in ketone bodies in the blood early in lactation; bloat (or hoven), caused by eating too much fresh grass or clover. Several parasites, including the warble fly and thread-worm, attack cattle, causing parasitic diseases. Ringworm is a fungal disease of the skin that is transmitted by contact.
Domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age:; SYN. cows, kine, oxen, Bos taurus. + prikaži više

ETYM as. stocc a stock, trunk, stick; akin to Dutch stok, German stock, Old High Germ. stoc, Icel. stokkr, Swed. stock, Dan. stok, and as. stycce a piece; cf. Skr. tuj to urge, thrust. Related to Stokker, Stucco, and Tuck a rapier.
1. The merchandise that a shop has on hand; SYN. inventory.
2. The capital raised by a corporation through the issue of shares entitling holders to partial ownership.
3. The handle of a handgun or the butt end of a rifle or shotgun or part of the support of a machine gun or artillery gun; SYN. gunstock.
4. The reputation and popularity a person has.
5. Wood used in the construction of something.
6. The handle end of some implements or tools.
7. A plant or stem onto which a graft is made; especially a plant grown specifically to provide the root part of grafted plants.
8. Persistent thickened stem of a herbaceous perennial plant; SYN. caudex. + prikaži više