(1933-) Italian conductor. He was principal director of the Vienna State Opera from 1986 and of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra from 1989. Associated early in his career with the La Scala Opera, Milan, his wide-ranging repertoire includes a significant number of 20th-century composers, among them Schoenberg, Prokofiev, Janácek, Bartók, and Stockhausen. He has also conducted the European Youth Orchestra from its inception 1977.