(Jerome) (c. 1450-1516) Early Dutch painter. His fantastic visions of weird and hellish creatures, as shown in The Garden of Earthly Delights about 1505–10 (Prado, Madrid), show astonishing imagination and a complex imagery. His religious subjects focused not on the holy figures but on the mass of ordinary witnesses, placing the religious event in a contemporary Dutch context and creating cruel caricatures of human sinfulness.
Bosch is named for his birthplace, 's-Hertogenbosch, in North Brabant, the Netherlands. His work, which influenced Brueghel the Elder and foreshadowed Surrealism, was probably inspired by a local religious brotherhood. However, he was an orthodox Catholic and a prosperous painter, not a heretic, as was once believed. After his death, his work was collected by Philip II of Spain.
The source of his fantastic art, to which there is nothing comparable in the early Netherlandish School, cannot be exactly stated, though it evidently derives from the satire, humor, popular symbolism and folklore of the later Middle Ages. Thus The Ship of Fools (Louvre) is a decidedly medieval conception, and The haywain (Madrid) is clearly an allegory satirizing the pursuit of wealth and material aims. Well known and highly appreciated during his lifetime and in the 16th century, Philip the Fair of Burgundy commissioned a Last Judgment from him and Philip II delighted in his works. Bosch was suspected of heresy by some Spanish writers, and unexplained elements in his paintings have led to a modern theory that he was a member of a heretical (Adamite) sect, this mainly referring to the triptych Paradise, Earth and Hell now in the Prado, though the theory is not supported by any definite evidence.

(1874-1940) German metallurgist and chemist. He developed the Haber process from a small-scale technique for the production of ammonia into an industrial high-pressure process that made use of water gas as a source of hydrogen. He shared the Nobel Prize for Chemistry 1931 with Friedrich Bergius.
Bosch was born in Cologne and studied at Leipzig. He took a job with Badische Anilin und Sodafabrik (BASF), and by 1902 was working on methods of fixing the nitrogen present in the Earth's atmosphere. At that time, the only large sources of nitrogen compounds essential for the production of fertilizers and explosives were in the natural deposits of nitrates in Chile. Learning of the Haber process 1908, Bosch set up a team of chemists and engineers to improve on it and reproduce it on a large scale. Heavy demand from the military during World War I caused BASF to expand. From 1925 Bosch was chair of the vast industrial conglomerate IG Farbenindustrie AG after its formation from the merger of BASF with other German industrial concerns.
Bosch's other scientific work was on the synthesis of methyl alcohol and of gasoline from coal tar.

(1909-) President of the Dominican Republic 1963. His left-wing Partido Revolucionario Dominicano won a landslide victory in the 1962 elections. In office, he attempted agrarian reform and labor legislation. He was opposed by the US, and overthrown by the army. His achievement was to establish a democratic political party after three decades of dictatorship.

(S African) wood; bush.