'women' značenje u engleski leksikon

Women's Land Army

imenicaIPA: / ˈwɪmənz ˈlænd ˈɑːrmi /

Množina: Women's Land Armies

in Britain, organization founded 1916 for the recruitment of women to work on farms during World War I. At its peak Sept 1918 it had 16,000 members. It re-formed June 1939, before the outbreak of World War II. Many “Land Girls” joined up to help the war effort and, by Aug 1943, 87,000 were employed in farm work.

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women's movement

imenicaIPA: / ˈwɪmənz ˌmu:vmənt /

Množina: women's movements

Campaign for the rights of women, including social, political, and economic equality with men. Early European campaigners of the 17th–19th centuries fought for women's right to own property, to have access to higher education, and to vote (see suffragist). Once women's suffrage was achieved in the 20th century, the emphasis of the movement shifted to the goals of equal social and economic opportunities for women, including employment. A continuing area of concern in industrialized countries is the contradiction between the now generally accepted principle of equality and the demonstrable inequalities that remain between the sexes in state policies and in everyday life.
history
Pioneer 19th-century feminists, considered radical for their belief in the equality of the sexes, include Mary Wollstonecraft and Emmeline Pankhurst in the UK, and Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in the US. After the Russian Revolution, the USSR liberalized abortion and divorce laws, set up childcare systems, and decreed equal pay for equal work. The women's movement gained worldwide impetus after World War II with such theorists as Simone de Beauvoir, Betty Friedan, Kate Millett, Gloria Steinem, and Germaine Greer, and the founding of the National Organization of Women (NOW) in New York 1966. From the late 1960s the radical and militant wing of the movement argued that women were oppressed by the male-dominated social structure as a whole, which they saw as pervaded by sexism, despite legal concessions toward equality of the sexes.
US legislation
In the US the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, a government agency, was formed 1964 to end discrimination (including sex discrimination) in hiring. The Equal
Rights Amendment (ERA), a proposed constitutional amendment prohibiting sex discrimination, was passed by Congress 1972 but failed to be ratified by the necessary majority of 38 states.
UK legislation
In the UK since 1975 discrimination against women in employment, education, housing, and provision of goods, facilities, and services to the public has been illegal under the Sex Discrimination and Equal Pay Acts (see sexual harassment).
Women own 1% of the world's property, earn 10% of the world's income, and contribute 66% of the hours worked. They are underrepresented in the parliaments of virtually all nations: Sweden had the highest proportion in 1995, with 42%; the average for the Middle East was 3%; the UK had 9% and the US 11%. The world average 1995 was 9%, down from 15% in 1988. In Bahrain, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates, women can neither stand for election nor vote. Under Finnish law, public authorities must employ at least 40% women.
statistics
In the US 1991, only 8% of senior executives were women; some 40% of women's jobs were part-time and 80% of these were low-paid. But 32% of all small US businesses were run by women 1993, compared with 5% in 1970.

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women's services

imenicaIPA: / ˈwɪmənz ˈsɝːvəsəz /

Množina: women's services

The organized military use of women on a large scale, a 20th-century development. First, women replaced men in factories, on farms, and in noncombat tasks during wartime; they are now found in combat units in many countries, including the US, Cuba, the UK, and Israel.
The US has a separate Women's Army Corps (
WAC), established 1948, which developed from the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC); but in the navy and air force women are integrated into the general structure. There are separate nurse corps for the three services.

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