Any of the sciences that deal with the earth or its parts.
Scientific study of the planet Earth as a whole, a synthesis of several traditional subjects such as geology, meteorology, oceanography, geophysics, geochemistry, and paleontology.
The mining and extraction of minerals and gems, the prediction of weather and earthquakes, the pollution of the atmosphere, and the forces that shape the physical world all fall within its scope of study. The emergence of the discipline reflects scientists' concern that an understanding of the global aspects of the Earth's structure and its past will hold the key to how humans affect its future, ensuring that its resources are used in a sustainable way.