(Clendennin Burne Jr) (1925-) US novelist. His writing is characterized by a Gothic, macabre violence, nightmarish landscapes, and oblique plotting. His novels include The Cannibal 1949, dealing with the horror of authoritarian power in Nazi Germany; The Lime Twig 1961, a thriller set in postwar London; and Second Skin 1964, a first-person recollection set on a tropical island.
His later novels became more accessible and include Travesty 1976, a suicide note in the form of a monologue; The Passion Artist 1979, narrating a widower’s fantastic experiences in a European city; and Whistlejacket 1988, which combines photography, anatomy, painting, and fox-hunting into a metaphysical thriller.

(1905-1992) British archeologist, professor of European archeology in the University of Oxford. A pioneer in the study of the prehistoric periods of Britain and Europe, Hawkes helped to found international prehistory as a discipline in Britain in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Later, his interest in the application of scientific techniques to archeological material led in 1955 to the creation of the Research Laboratory for Archeology and the History of Art at Oxford.
Hawkes was a skilled excavator, whose work on Iron Age sites such as the hillfort of St Catherine's Hill and at Colchester often surpassed the standards of his contemporaries; but he will be remembered primarily for his writings, which have been extremely influential. He particularly specialised in the European late Bronze Age and early Iron Age, complex and formative periods that witnessed the interaction of barbarian communities with classical civilization. He focused on the problems of cultural change, and on the continuity between late prehistory and early civilization in Europe; for example, in the Celtic tradition of Europe and Britain.
Hawkes also made an important contribution to archeological theory and the debate about the nature of archeological evidence, insisting that there existed a “ladder of inference”; that is, one could safely use archeological evidence to reconstruct the simpler and more material aspects of past societies, but that there were clear limitations on the amount of information about beliefs or social structure that could be inferred from these mute remains. This view has been intensively criticized by the more optimistic and idealistic (but perhaps less realistic) archeologists of the past 30 years.