(1818-1881) Tsar from 1855. He embarked on reforms of the army, the government, and education, and is remembered as “the Liberator” for his emancipation of the serfs 1861, but he lacked the personnel to implement his reforms. However, the revolutionary element remained unsatisfied, and Alexander became increasingly autocratic and reactionary. He was assassinated by an anarchistic terrorist group, the Nihilists.(1198-1249)
King of Scotland from 1214, when he succeeded his father William the Lion. Alexander supported the English barons in their struggle with King John after Magna Carta.