"Aristotle" prevod sa engleskog na srpski

(384-322 BC) One of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; pupil of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great.
Greek philosopher who advocated reason and moderation. He maintained that sense experience is our only source of knowledge, and that by reasoning we can discover the essences of things, that is, their distinguishing qualities. In his works on ethics and politics, he suggested that human happiness consists in living in conformity with nature. He derived his political theory from the recognition that mutual aid is natural to humankind, and refused to set up any one constitution as universally ideal. Of Aristotle's works some 22 treatises survive, dealing with logic, metaphysics, physics, astronomy, meteorology, biology, psychology, ethics, politics, and literary criticism.
Born in Stagira in Thrace, he studied in Athens, became tutor to Alexander the Great, and in 335 BC opened a school in the Lyceum (grove sacred to Apollo) in Athens. It became known as the “peripatetic school” because he walked up and down as he talked, and his works are a collection of his lecture notes. When Alexander died, Aristotle was forced to flee to Chalcis, where he died. Among his many contributions to political thought were the first systematic attempts to distinguish between different forms of government, ideas about the role of law in the state, and the conception of a science of politics.
In the Poetics, Aristotle defines tragic drama as an imitation (mimesis) of the actions of human beings, with character subordinated to plot. The audience is affected by pity and fear, but experiences a purgation (catharsis) of these emotions through watching the play. The second book of the Poetics, on comedy, is lost. The three books of the Rhetoric form the earliest analytical discussion of the techniques of persuasion, and the last presents a theory of the emotions to which a speaker must appeal.
His works were lost to Europe after the decline of Rome, but they were reintroduced in the Middle Ages by Arab and Jewish scholars and became the basis of medieval scholasticism.
His major writings on cosmology, or astronomy, are brought together in the four-volume De caelo/On the Heavens. Aristotle rejected the notion of infinity and the notion of a vacuum. A vacuum he held to be impossible because an object moving in it would meet no resistance and would therefore attain infinite velocity. Space could not be infinite, because in Aristotle’s view, the universe consisted of a series of concentric spheres which rotated around the centrally placed, stationary Earth. If the outermost sphere were an infinite distance from the Earth, it would be unable to complete its rotation within a finite period of time, in particular within the 24-hour period in which the stars, fixed, as Aristotle believed, to the sphere, rotated around the Earth.
Aristotle's work in astronomy also included proving that the Earth was spherical. He observed that the Earth cast a circular shadow on the Moon during an eclipse and he pointed out that as one traveled north or south, the stars changed their positions. Aristotle overestimated the Earth's diameter by only 50%.
Aristotle saw nature as always striving to perfect itself. The principle of life he termed a soul, which he regarded as the form of the living creature, not as a substance separable from it. The intellect, he believed, can discover in sense impressions the universal, and since the soul thus transcends matter, it must be immortal. Art embodies nature, but in a more perfect fashion, its end being the purifying and ennobling of the affections. The essence of beauty is order and symmetry. Aristotle also first classified organisms into species and genera.