"Japanese" značenje u engleski leksikon

Of or relating to or characteristic of Japan or its people or their culture or language; Also called: Nipponese.

Množina: Japaneses

1. A native or inhabitant of Japan; Also called: Nipponese.
2. The language (usually considered to be Altaic) spoken by the Japanese people.
Inhabitant of Japan; a person of Japanese culture or descent. Japan is an unusually homogeneous society, which has always been adept at assimilating influences from other cultures but has not readily received immigrants; discrimination against foreigners is legal in Japan. The Japanese language is the only one spoken, though English is considered fashionable and is much used in advertising. Religion is syncretic and it is common for Japanese to take part in both Buddhist and Shinto rituals while professing belief in neither.
Although Japan has a highly distinctive culture, Korean and Chinese influences were absorbed during the early centuries AD. In addition to the art of writing, from the Chinese the Japanese learned skills in the arts, public finance, administration, and animal husbandry. Confucian philosophy and Buddhism were also introduced from China, and after some initial opposition, Buddhism intertwined with Shinto, the indigenous religion. Chinese influence in Japan waned during the decline of the Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907). The 12th century saw the rise of the code of warriors. Making up approximately 8% of the population, the samurai had the right to wear two swords, and were the retainers of the daimyos, the hereditary feudal nobles. Merchants, although often wealthier than the samurai, belonged to a lower social order. Some highly skilled craftworkers were allowed to bear family names, a privilege usually reserved for the highest social tier. The lowest social group comprised the burakumin or eta, responsible for slau
ghtering animals and engaged in such trades as tanning leather and shoemaking. During the late 19th century the feudal society was abolished, compulsory education extended to all, and Japan began to develop its Westernized industrial base. The initially US-financed, rapid economic expansion of the second half of the 20th century has caused the decline of the extended family, in which three or more generations lived under the same roof. Today, large corporations provide a way of life for many Japanese, although this appears to be less the case with the younger generation. The descendants of Japanese migrants are found in Hawaii and North and South America, and Japanese business communities now exist in the cities of most industrial nations.

Množina: Japanese andromedas

A shrubby evergreen heath (Pieris japonica) of southeastern Asia with glossy leaves and drooping clusters of usually whitish flowers.

Množina: Japanese angelica trees

Deciduous clump-forming Asian shrub or small tree; adventive in the eastern United States; Also called: Aralia elata.

Množina: Japanese apricots

Japanese ornamental tree with fragrant white or pink blossoms and small yellow fruits; Also called: mei, Prunus mume.

Množina: Japanese architectures

The buildings of Japan, notably domestic housing, temples and shrines, castles, and modern high-rises. Traditional Japanese buildings were made of wood with sliding doors, screens, and paper windows; they had projecting eaves and harmonious proportions.
Temples and town planning derived from 6th-century Chinese sources. Western styles were introduced from the mid-19th century.
traditional
Farmhouses with thatched roofs, earthen floors and raised wooden living areas date back more than 1,500 years and can still be found. In the towns, from the 14th century, the front room, which could be closed off from the street by a lattice screen, might be a shop or workshop, with living quarters at the back and on the second floor. Wood, the most abundant building material, was to some extent earthquake-resistant but fires were frequent. The Japanese had introduced prefabricated components by the 14th century so that a small family home could be erected in a couple of days.
The best-known module is the tatami straw mat, the universal floor covering from the 17th century, which is also used to measure room size; however, the size of a tatami mat, around 1 x 2 m/3 x 6 ft, varies somewhat in different parts of the country. Sliding room dividers (fusuma) make the interior space adaptable, and wall panels and paper windows (shoji) can be slid back in hot weather. A narrow veranda encircles the house under the eaves; the steep roofs are thatched, tiled, or covered with cypress bark. The emphasis is on simple, geometric design, uncluttered space, and functional use of natural materials. A town house would have a small enclosed garden; a house with grounds would be oriented to the maximum appreciation of the surrounding nature. The imperial Katsura Palace 1620–58 epitomizes the restrained elegance of the traditional style, in this period also called tea-house style.
shrines
Shinto shrines are built in the style of prehistoric storehouses, raised off the ground on piers, and are characterized by crossed ridge-pole weights (katsuogi) projecting at the top of the gables, and a thatched roof. They are made of untreated wood which is allowed to weather, and rebuilt when necessary. The most important shrines are Izumo Taisha in Shimane prefecture on SW Honshu and Ise Jingu in Mie prefecture, on the Ise peninsula. The latter is demolished every 20 or 30 years and a new, identical building erected, a replica of a 7th-century one. The entrance to the grounds of a shrine is marked by a red-painted torii gate shaped like an H with a projecting beam across the top.
temples
Buddhism was brought to Japan in the 6th century from China, and Chinese influence is especially evident in the many-storied pagodas and the hipped and gabled, tiled roofs. Although generally single-story, the most important buildings have double roofs. The design is based on pillars spaced at fixed intervals; the walls are not load-bearing. A feature of many temples is the exposed timber beams and complex brackets (no nails were used). The oldest surviving temple, and the world's oldest wooden building, is the Hyoryu-ji in Nara, about AD 690.
An early temple complex would contain a hall where the Buddha image was housed (kondo), a lecture hall (kodo), and a pagoda; later ones may have additional halls, sutra repositories, and a refectory. The central gate (chumon) has a heavy roof similar to the buildings, and contains sculptures of guardian deities.
The outstanding temple of the Heian period (794–1195) is the 11th-century Hoo-do of the Byodoin, in Uji near Kyoto, originally built as a nobleman's villa. Its shape is said to suggest a phoenix, and it is mirrored in the lake on which it stands.
castles
The civil wars of the 15th and 16th centuries caused the erection of a number of castles, nearly all of which have been destroyed, though some were rebuilt after World War II. Walled and moated, they were complex stone and wood structures of many roofs and towers, combining solidity with an impression of floating. Himeji, near Osaka, which still stands, has a six-story keep and two smaller towers; Osaka Castle is said to have had 48 large and 76 small towers. Soon after 1600 the country was at peace and castle building declined.
town planning
The early capitals, such as Nara and Kyoto, were laid out on a Chinese symmetrical grid, with the emperor's palace in the north and a broad avenue leading down the middle from the palace gate to the main gate of the city; each section held a temple and a market square. The modern city of Sapporo is also designed on a rectangular grid, but modeled on US cities. Other modern Japanese cities have grown more haphazardly, and houses are not numbered consecutively along the street but in the order they were built. The enormous devastation of Japan by bombing in World War II left few houses standing, so that modern buildings predominate.
modern architecture
The Japanese emulation of foreign models after the country's isolation ended in the mid-19th century included the erection of Western-style buildings, some designed by foreign architects, such as the American Frank Lloyd Wright's Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, 1916, others by Japanese, such as the huge Versailles-style Akasaka Palace, Tokyo, 1909, by Tokuma Katayama (1853–1917) and the Bank of Tokyo 1890–96 by Kingo Tatsuno (1854–1919). Notable Japanese architects of the late 20th century are Kenzo Tange, Arata Isozaki, and Tadao Ando. Traditional esthetics and sensitive adaptation to the site still characterize the best Japanese architecture.

Množina: Japanese arts

The painting, sculpture, printmaking, and design of Japan. Early Japanese art was influenced by China. Painting later developed a distinct Japanese character, bolder and more angular, with the spread of Zen Buddhism in the 12th century. Ink painting and calligraphy flourished, followed by book illustration and decorative screens. Japanese prints developed in the 17th century, with multicolor prints invented around 1765. Buddhist sculpture proliferated from 580, and Japanese sculptors excelled at portraits. Japanese pottery stresses simplicity.
Jomon period (10,000–300 BC) This was characterized by cord-marked pottery.
Yayoi period (300 BC–AD 300) Elegant pottery with geometric designs and dotaku, bronze bells decorated with engravings, were produced.
Kofun period (300–552) Burial mounds held haniwa, clay figures, some of which show Chinese influence.
Asuka period (552–646) Buddhist art, introduced from Korea 552, flourished in sculpture, metalwork, and embroidered silk banners. Painters’ guilds were formed.
Nara period (646–794) Religious and portrait sculptures were made of bronze, clay, or lacquer. A few painted scrolls, screens, and murals survive. Textiles were decorated with batik, tie-dye, stencils, embroidery, and brocade.
Heian period (794–1185) Buddhist statues became formalized and were usually made of wood. Shinto images emerged. A native style of secular painting, yamato-e, developed, especially in scroll painting, with a strong emphasis on surface design. Lacquerware was also decoratively stylized.
Kamakura period (1185–1392) Sculpture and painting became vigorously realistic. Portraits were important, as were landscapes and religious, narrative, and humorous picture scrolls.
Ashikaga or Muromachi period (1392–1568) The rapid ink sketch in line and wash introduced by Zen priests from China became popular and the Kano School of painting was established. Pottery gained in importance from the spread of the tea ceremony (cha-no-yu). Masks and costumes were made for No theater.
Momoyama period (1568–1615) Artists produced beautiful screens to decorate palaces and castles. The arrival of Korean potters inspired new styles.
Tokugawa or Edo period (1615–1867) The ukiyo-e print, depicting everyday life, originated in genre paintings of 16th- and 17th-century kabuki actors and teahouse women. It developed into the woodcut and after 1740 the true color print, while its range of subject matter expanded. Ukiyo-e artists include Utamaro, Hiroshige, and Hokusai. Lacquer and textiles became more sumptuous. Tiny carved figures (netsuke) were mostly made from ivory or wood.
Meiji period (1868–1912) Painting was influenced by styles of Western art, for example Impressionism.
Showa period (1926–89) Attempts were made to revive the traditional Japanese painting style and to combine traditional and foreign styles.

Množina: Japanese bananas

Asiatic banana plant cultivated especially as a foliage plant in Japan; Also called: Musa basjoo.

Množina: Japanese barberries

Compact deciduous shrub having persistent red berries; widespread in cultivation especially for hedges; Also called: Berberis thunbergii.

Množina: Japanese beeches

A beech native to Japan having soft light yellowish-brown wood.

Množina: Japanese beetles

Small metallic green and brown beetle native to eastern Asia; serious plant pest in North America; Also called: Popillia japonica.

Množina: Japanese bittersweets

Ornamental Asiatic vine with showy orange-yellow fruit with a scarlet aril; naturalized in North America; Also called: Japan bittersweet, oriental bittersweet, Celastrus orbiculatus, Celastric articulatus.

Množina: Japanese black pines

Large Japanese ornamental having long needles in bunches of 2; widely planted in United States because of its resistance to salt and smog; Also called: black pine, Pinus thunbergii.

Množina: Japanese bromes

Grass of Mediterranean and temperate Asia; Also called: Japanese chess, Bromus japonicus.

Množina: Japanese cedars

Tall evergreen of Japan and China yielding valuable soft wood; Also called: Japan cedar, sugi, Cryptomeria japonica.