(1784-1817)
Swiss explorer sponsored 1806 by an English African Association to explore Africa. He discovered the ancient city of Petra 1812 and in 1814, disguised as a Muslim pilgrim, became the first Christian to visit Mecca, as described in his Travels in Arabia 1829.

(1818-1897)
Swiss art historian, one of the founders of cultural history as a discipline. His The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 1860, intended as part of a study of world cultural history, profoundly influenced thought on the Renaissance.
Burckhardt was professor of history at Basel 1858–93. He also wrote on Greek cultural history.